{"id":54864,"date":"2026-11-12T16:49:26","date_gmt":"2026-11-12T08:49:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/russianculture.cn\/ru\/?p=54864"},"modified":"2026-11-12T16:49:27","modified_gmt":"2026-11-12T08:49:27","slug":"%e6%96%af%e6%8d%b7%e6%bd%98%c2%b7%e5%9f%83%e9%87%8c%e8%b4%be%e9%9b%95%e5%a1%91%e5%b1%95%e5%bc%80%e5%b9%95%e5%bc%8f%e4%b8%8e%e4%bf%84%e5%bc%8f%e5%86%b7%e9%a4%90%e4%bc%9a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/russianculture.cn\/ru\/zh\/%e6%96%af%e6%8d%b7%e6%bd%98%c2%b7%e5%9f%83%e9%87%8c%e8%b4%be%e9%9b%95%e5%a1%91%e5%b1%95%e5%bc%80%e5%b9%95%e5%bc%8f%e4%b8%8e%e4%bf%84%e5%bc%8f%e5%86%b7%e9%a4%90%e4%bc%9a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u65af\u6377\u6f58\u00b7\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u96d5\u5851\u5c55\u5f00\u5e55\u5f0f\u4e0e\u4fc4\u5f0f\u51b7\u9910\u4f1a"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

\u96d5\u5851\u5bb6\u65af\u6377\u6f58\u00b7\u5fb7\u7c73\u7279\u91cc\u8036\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e
\uff081876\u20131959\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u83ab\u5c14\u591a\u74e6\u65cf\u96d5\u5851\u5bb6\u65af\u6377\u6f58\u00b7\u6d85\u83f2\u5965\u591a\u592b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6545\u4e61\u6c11\u65cf\u201c\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u827a\u540d\u3002\u5176\u4f5c\u54c1\u88ab\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e16\u754c\u827a\u672f\u9886\u57df\u6700\u5177\u9707\u64bc\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7bc7\u7ae0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u65af\u6377\u6f58\u00b7\u5fb7\u7c73\u7279\u91cc\u8036\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u6d85\u83f2\u5965\u591a\u592b\uff08\u827a\u540d\u201c\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u201d\uff09\u4e8e1876\u5e7411\u67088\u65e5\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8f9b\u6bd4\u5c14\u65af\u514b\u7701\u963f\u62c9\u7279\u5c14\u53bf\u7684\u5df4\u8036\u6c83\u6751\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u83ab\u5c14\u591a\u74e6\u65cf\u519c\u6c11\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08\u83ab\u5c14\u591a\u74e6\u65cf\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u7fa4\u4f53\u83ab\u514b\u6c99\u4eba\u4e0e\u57c3\u5c14\u8d3e\u4eba\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u82ac\u5170\u2014\u4e4c\u6208\u5c14\u8bed\u7cfb\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u4e00\u652f\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5883\u5185\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1901\u5e74\u81f31907\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u7ed8\u753b\u3001\u96d5\u5851\u4e0e\u5efa\u7b51\u5b66\u9662\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b66\u4e60\u96d5\u5851\u827a\u672f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1907\u5e74\uff0c\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u8d74\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6df1\u9020\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u6210\u529f\u878d\u5165\u5e76\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u6b27\u6d32\u53e4\u5178\u827a\u672f\u9057\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1909\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5e74\u8f7b\u96d5\u5851\u5bb6\u5728\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u56fd\u9645\u7f8e\u672f\u5c55\u4e0a\u9996\u6b21\u4eae\u76f8\uff0c\u5176\u4f5c\u54c1\u300a\u6b7b\u5211\u8005\u884c\u5211\u524d\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u591c\u300b\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u9996\u5ea6\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1909\u5e74\u672b\u81f31913\u5e74\uff0c\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u65c5\u5c45\u6cd5\u56fd\u5e76\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u8fdb\u884c\u521b\u4f5c\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e3e\u529e\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u5c55\u89c8\u4ee5\u53ca1911\u5e74\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u56fd\u9645\u5c55\u89c8\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6e38\u5386\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1913\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u518d\u6b21\u56de\u5230\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u83b1\u4e07\u6258\u548c\u5361\u62c9\u62c9\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\u4ee5\u5927\u7406\u77f3\u4e3a\u6750\u6599\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u6781\u5177\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u96d5\u5851\u521b\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1914\u5e74\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u5927\u5e08\u56de\u5230\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u5c55\u89c8\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u521b\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7ee7\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u4ed6\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u6240\u5f00\u521b\u7684\u65b0\u827a\u672f\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u9769\u547d\u5e74\u4ee3\uff081917\u20131926\uff09\uff0c\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u5728\u4e4c\u62c9\u5c14\u548c\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u5730\u533a\u7684\u521b\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7eaa\u5ff5\u6027\u96d5\u5851\u7684\u5929\u8d4b\u51f8\u663e\uff0c\u4ed6\u6210\u529f\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u878d\u5165\u5217\u5b81\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u6027\u5ba3\u4f20\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u827a\u672f\u65e2\u80fd\u4e0e\u65f6\u4ee3\u540c\u9891\uff0c\u53c8\u80fd\u56de\u5e94\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u53ec\u5524\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u96d5\u5851\u5bb6\u7684\u521b\u4f5c\u8868\u8fbe\u5728\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u7e41\u76db\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff081927\u20131950\uff09\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u67ef\u5e03\u62c9\u4e54\u6728\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u6728\u6750\u5f02\u5e38\u575a\u786c\uff0c\u7eb9\u7406\u5bcc\u6709\u8868\u73b0\u529b\uff0c\u8272\u5f69\u5c42\u6b21\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u6728\u7624\u5f62\u6001\u6781\u5177\u5851\u6027\u7f8e\u611f\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u751f\u6d3b\u768423\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u521b\u4f5c\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u4f5c\u54c1\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u5730\u88ab\u6536\u516520\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e16\u754c\u827a\u672f\u7470\u5b9d\u540d\u5355\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1950\u5e74\uff0c\u65af\u6377\u6f58\u00b7\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u56de\u5230\u82cf\u8054\uff0c\u4ed6\u643a\u5e26\u7ea6200\u4ef6\u96d5\u5851\u4f5c\u54c1\u5f52\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u9001\u7ed9\u82cf\u8054\u4eba\u6c11\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u96d5\u5851\u5bb6\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u4e8e1959\u5e7411\u670824\u65e5\u901d\u4e16\u4e8e\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u4f5c\u5ba4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b89\u846c\u4e8e\u83ab\u5c14\u591a\u74e6\u5bb6\u4e61\u7684\u5927\u5730\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9057\u9aa8\u4e0e\u6545\u571f\u6c38\u8fdc\u76f8\u8fde\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u96d5\u5851\u5bb6\u65af\u6377\u6f58\u00b7\u5fb7\u7c73\u7279\u91cc\u8036\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\uff081876\u20131959\uff09 \u83ab\u5c14\u591a\u74e6\u65cf\u96d5\u5851\u5bb6\u65af\u6377\u6f58\u00b7\u6d85\u83f2\u5965\u591a\u592b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6545\u4e61\u6c11\u65cf\u201c\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u827a\u540d\u3002\u5176\u4f5c\u54c1\u88ab\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e16\u754c\u827a\u672f\u9886\u57df\u6700\u5177\u9707\u64bc\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7bc7\u7ae0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002     \u65af\u6377\u6f58\u00b7\u5fb7\u7c73\u7279\u91cc\u8036\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u6d85\u83f2\u5965\u591a\u592b\uff08\u827a\u540d\u201c\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u201d\uff09\u4e8e1876\u5e7411\u67088\u65e5\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8f9b\u6bd4\u5c14\u65af\u514b\u7701\u963f\u62c9\u7279\u5c14\u53bf\u7684\u5df4\u8036\u6c83\u6751\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u83ab\u5c14\u591a\u74e6\u65cf\u519c\u6c11\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002 \uff08\u83ab\u5c14\u591a\u74e6\u65cf\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u7fa4\u4f53\u83ab\u514b\u6c99\u4eba\u4e0e\u57c3\u5c14\u8d3e\u4eba\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u82ac\u5170\u2014\u4e4c\u6208\u5c14\u8bed\u7cfb\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u4e00\u652f\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5883\u5185\u3002\uff09 1901\u5e74\u81f31907\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u7ed8\u753b\u3001\u96d5\u5851\u4e0e\u5efa\u7b51\u5b66\u9662\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b66\u4e60\u96d5\u5851\u827a\u672f\u3002 1907\u5e74\uff0c\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u8d74\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6df1\u9020\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u6210\u529f\u878d\u5165\u5e76\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u6b27\u6d32\u53e4\u5178\u827a\u672f\u9057\u4ea7\u3002 1909\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5e74\u8f7b\u96d5\u5851\u5bb6\u5728\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u56fd\u9645\u7f8e\u672f\u5c55\u4e0a\u9996\u6b21\u4eae\u76f8\uff0c\u5176\u4f5c\u54c1\u300a\u6b7b\u5211\u8005\u884c\u5211\u524d\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u591c\u300b\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u9996\u5ea6\u6210\u529f\u3002 1909\u5e74\u672b\u81f31913\u5e74\uff0c\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u65c5\u5c45\u6cd5\u56fd\u5e76\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u8fdb\u884c\u521b\u4f5c\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e3e\u529e\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u5c55\u89c8\u4ee5\u53ca1911\u5e74\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u56fd\u9645\u5c55\u89c8\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6e38\u5386\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u56fd\u3002 1913\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u518d\u6b21\u56de\u5230\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u83b1\u4e07\u6258\u548c\u5361\u62c9\u62c9\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\u4ee5\u5927\u7406\u77f3\u4e3a\u6750\u6599\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u6781\u5177\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u96d5\u5851\u521b\u4f5c\u3002 1914\u5e74\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u5927\u5e08\u56de\u5230\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u5c55\u89c8\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u521b\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7ee7\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u4ed6\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u6240\u5f00\u521b\u7684\u65b0\u827a\u672f\u539f\u5219\u3002 \u5728\u9769\u547d\u5e74\u4ee3\uff081917\u20131926\uff09\uff0c\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u5728\u4e4c\u62c9\u5c14\u548c\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u5730\u533a\u7684\u521b\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7eaa\u5ff5\u6027\u96d5\u5851\u7684\u5929\u8d4b\u51f8\u663e\uff0c\u4ed6\u6210\u529f\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u878d\u5165\u5217\u5b81\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u6027\u5ba3\u4f20\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u827a\u672f\u65e2\u80fd\u4e0e\u65f6\u4ee3\u540c\u9891\uff0c\u53c8\u80fd\u56de\u5e94\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u53ec\u5524\u3002 \u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u96d5\u5851\u5bb6\u7684\u521b\u4f5c\u8868\u8fbe\u5728\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u7e41\u76db\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff081927\u20131950\uff09\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u67ef\u5e03\u62c9\u4e54\u6728\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u6728\u6750\u5f02\u5e38\u575a\u786c\uff0c\u7eb9\u7406\u5bcc\u6709\u8868\u73b0\u529b\uff0c\u8272\u5f69\u5c42\u6b21\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u6728\u7624\u5f62\u6001\u6781\u5177\u5851\u6027\u7f8e\u611f\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3002 \u5728\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u751f\u6d3b\u768423\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u521b\u4f5c\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u4f5c\u54c1\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u5730\u88ab\u6536\u516520\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e16\u754c\u827a\u672f\u7470\u5b9d\u540d\u5355\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002 1950\u5e74\uff0c\u65af\u6377\u6f58\u00b7\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u56de\u5230\u82cf\u8054\uff0c\u4ed6\u643a\u5e26\u7ea6200\u4ef6\u96d5\u5851\u4f5c\u54c1\u5f52\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u9001\u7ed9\u82cf\u8054\u4eba\u6c11\u3002 \u96d5\u5851\u5bb6\u57c3\u91cc\u8d3e\u4e8e1959\u5e7411\u670824\u65e5\u901d\u4e16\u4e8e\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u4f5c\u5ba4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b89\u846c\u4e8e\u83ab\u5c14\u591a\u74e6\u5bb6\u4e61\u7684\u5927\u5730\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9057\u9aa8\u4e0e\u6545\u571f\u6c38\u8fdc\u76f8\u8fde\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":54865,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":0,"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":""},"categories":[297],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/russianculture.cn\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54864"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/russianculture.cn\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/russianculture.cn\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/russianculture.cn\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/russianculture.cn\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=54864"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/russianculture.cn\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54864\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":54866,"href":"https:\/\/russianculture.cn\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54864\/revisions\/54866"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/russianculture.cn\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/54865"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/russianculture.cn\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=54864"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/russianculture.cn\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=54864"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/russianculture.cn\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=54864"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}